Lesson 1: Semicolons and Colons

Definition

Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are closely related in thought and that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet), and between independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression.

Explanation

Think of a semicolon as a 'super-comma' that connects two complete sentences that are too closely related to be separate. When you use connecting words like however, therefore, or phrases like in fact, a semicolon is needed before them to properly link the ideas and show their relationship.

Examples

• We were hiking up the mountain; we brought snacks, boots, and a first-aid kit. [A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.]
• I need to water the plants; otherwise, they might wilt. [A semicolon appears between two independent clauses joined by the conjunctive adverb otherwise.]
• The movie was fantastic; in fact, it was the best one I've seen all year. [A semicolon appears between two independent clauses joined by the transitional expression in fact.]

Definition

Use a semicolon between items in a series if the items contain commas. A semicolon, rather than a comma, also may be needed before a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses that contain commas.

Explanation

When your list items already have commas in them (like listing cities and states), regular commas aren't strong enough to separate the main items. Use semicolons to act as clear dividers. This trick also helps when you connect two long sentences that have their own internal commas, preventing confusion.

Examples

• The conference speakers were Dr. Ames, a biologist; Professor Chen, a historian; and Ms. Garcia, a journalist. [The items in this series contain commas, so semicolons are used to separate them.]
• He packed a warm jacket, thick gloves, and a wool hat; but the weather was sunny, warm, and surprisingly pleasant. [The two independent clauses contain commas, so they are joined by a semicolon and a coordinating conjunction to avoid confusion.]

Definition

Use a colon to mean “note what follows.” Use a colon before a list of items, especially after expressions such as as follows and the following. A colon is also used before a long, formal statement or quotation and between independent clauses when the second clause explains or restates the idea of the first.

Explanation

A colon acts like a drumroll, announcing that something important is coming next! It signals that a list, a detailed explanation, or a formal quotation is about to appear. Use it after a complete sentence to introduce information or to clarify the first part of your sentence.

Examples

• Please bring a few school supplies: pencils, paper, and a notebook. [The colon introduces a list of items.]
• Maria felt relieved: She had passed the final exam. [The second independent clause explains the first, and it begins with a capital letter because it's a complete sentence.]
• The coach offered this advice: “Talent is important, but dedication is what makes a champion.” [The colon introduces a long, formal quotation.]

Definition

Use a colon in certain conventional situations. Use a colon between the hour and the minute, between chapter and verse in Biblical references, between titles and subtitles, and after the salutation of a business letter.

Explanation

Sometimes, colons are used just by tradition. You'll always find them in specific places, like when you're writing the time (3:45 P.M.), referring to a book's subtitle, citing a chapter and verse, or starting a formal business letter. Just memorize these few special uses and you're all set!

Examples

• The meeting is scheduled for 2:15 P.M. [A colon separates the hour from the minutes.]
• I am reading the book Daring Greatly: How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead. [A colon separates a title from its subtitle.]
• My favorite verse is John 3:16. [A colon separates the chapter and verse in a Biblical reference.]
• The email began with the salutation Dear Hiring Manager:. [A colon follows the salutation of a business letter.]

Definition

Use a semicolon between independent clauses that are closely related in thought and that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, for, nor, or, so, or yet), and between independent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb or transitional expression.

Explanation

Think of a semicolon as a stronger pause than a comma but softer than a period. It perfectly connects two complete sentences that are linked in meaning. Remember that certain words like consequently, however, and furthermore act as special bridges between these sentences, and the semicolon always comes before them.

Examples

• My dog heard the mail carrier; he started barking loudly. [A semicolon joins two closely related independent clauses.]
• You should study for the test; otherwise, you might not pass. [A semicolon appears between two independent clauses joined by the conjunctive adverb otherwise.]
• The new video game is challenging; in fact, I haven't passed the first level yet. [A semicolon appears between two independent clauses joined by the transitional expression in fact.]