Lesson 4: Reformation and Reaction

Key Idea

In the early 1500s, a German monk named Martin Luther grew angry with the Catholic Church. He saw problems like corruption and was especially upset by the sale of indulgences. These were certificates the Church sold that promised to reduce punishment for sins. Luther believed this practice was wrong and misled people.

Luther argued that people could not buy their way into heaven. He taught that salvation came only through faith in God. In 1517, he posted his 95 Theses, a list of arguments against Church practices. This act directly challenged the Pope's authority and sparked the Reformation.

Key Idea

Martin Luther's ideas spread quickly beyond Germany. This movement inspired other religious thinkers to challenge the Catholic Church, leading to new Protestant groups.

One of the most influential new leaders was John Calvin. He taught the idea of predestination, the belief that God decided long ago who would gain salvation.

Key Idea

The Catholic Church also responded to the Protestant Reformation by reforming from within. This movement aimed to strengthen the Church and renew the faith of its followers.

New religious orders played a key role. The Jesuits, founded by Ignatius of Loyola, focused on education and missionary work to spread Catholicism. At the same time, mystics like Teresa of Avila inspired a new wave of spiritual devotion, helping to revive the Church.

Key Idea

The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant challenge with major changes. Church leaders met at the Council of Trent to clarify their beliefs. They reaffirmed traditional Catholic doctrines but also worked to end corruption within the Church, such as by improving the education of priests.

To enforce its authority, the Church also used the Inquisition. This court system investigated and punished people accused of heresy, or beliefs that went against official Church teachings. The Inquisition aimed to stop the spread of Protestant ideas and ensure religious conformity across Catholic lands.