Learn on PengiElements of Language, 5th CourseChapter 6: Using Pronouns Correctly: Case Forms of Pronouns

Lesson 3: Special Problems in Pronoun Usage

In this Grade 8 grammar lesson from Elements of Language, 5th Course, students learn how to correctly use the relative pronouns who, whom, whoever, and whomever by identifying whether the pronoun functions as a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition within its clause. The lesson also covers pronoun case in appositives, teaching students that an appositive pronoun must match the case of the noun or pronoun it identifies. Guided exercises reinforce both concepts through sentence-level practice.

Section 1

The Relative Pronouns Who and Whom

Definition

The pronouns who and whoever are in the nominative case. The pronouns whom and whomever are in the objective case.

Explanation

To solve the who vs. whom mystery, you have to be a clause detective! First, find the subordinate clause where the pronoun is. Then, figure out the pronoun's job in that clause only. If the pronoun is the subject (doing the action) or a predicate nominative, use the nominative case like who. If it's an object (receiving the action or following a preposition), use the objective case like whom.

Examples

  • The contest winner will be who sells the most cookies. [Who is the subject of the clause who sells the most cookies.]
  • My cousin, whom I admire greatly, is a firefighter. [Whom is the direct object of the verb admire in the clause whom I admire greatly.]
  • She is a leader for whom we have great respect. [Whom is the object of the preposition for.]

Section 2

Pronouns as Appositives

Definition

A pronoun used as an appositive is in the same case as the word to which it refers.

Explanation

Think of an appositive pronoun as a 'renamer' that sits next to a noun. The rule is simple: the pronoun must match the case of the noun it renames. If the noun is a subject, the appositive pronoun must also be nominative (like we, she). If the noun is an object, the appositive pronoun must be objective (like us, her).

Examples

  • The team captains, Carla and he, accepted the award. [The appositive he refers to captains, which is the subject. Therefore, the pronoun is in the nominative case.]
  • The teacher praised the volunteers, Sarah and her, for their hard work. [The appositive her refers to volunteers, which is a direct object. Therefore, the pronoun is in the objective case.]
  • The message was for the new students, you and me. [The appositive me refers to students, which is the object of the preposition for. Therefore, the pronoun is in the objective case.]

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Chapter 6: Using Pronouns Correctly: Case Forms of Pronouns

  1. Lesson 1

    Lesson 1: Personal Pronouns: Nominative and Possessive Case

  2. Lesson 2

    Lesson 2: Personal Pronouns: Objective Case

  3. Lesson 3Current

    Lesson 3: Special Problems in Pronoun Usage

Lesson overview

Expand to review the lesson summary and core properties.

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Section 1

The Relative Pronouns Who and Whom

Definition

The pronouns who and whoever are in the nominative case. The pronouns whom and whomever are in the objective case.

Explanation

To solve the who vs. whom mystery, you have to be a clause detective! First, find the subordinate clause where the pronoun is. Then, figure out the pronoun's job in that clause only. If the pronoun is the subject (doing the action) or a predicate nominative, use the nominative case like who. If it's an object (receiving the action or following a preposition), use the objective case like whom.

Examples

  • The contest winner will be who sells the most cookies. [Who is the subject of the clause who sells the most cookies.]
  • My cousin, whom I admire greatly, is a firefighter. [Whom is the direct object of the verb admire in the clause whom I admire greatly.]
  • She is a leader for whom we have great respect. [Whom is the object of the preposition for.]

Section 2

Pronouns as Appositives

Definition

A pronoun used as an appositive is in the same case as the word to which it refers.

Explanation

Think of an appositive pronoun as a 'renamer' that sits next to a noun. The rule is simple: the pronoun must match the case of the noun it renames. If the noun is a subject, the appositive pronoun must also be nominative (like we, she). If the noun is an object, the appositive pronoun must be objective (like us, her).

Examples

  • The team captains, Carla and he, accepted the award. [The appositive he refers to captains, which is the subject. Therefore, the pronoun is in the nominative case.]
  • The teacher praised the volunteers, Sarah and her, for their hard work. [The appositive her refers to volunteers, which is a direct object. Therefore, the pronoun is in the objective case.]
  • The message was for the new students, you and me. [The appositive me refers to students, which is the object of the preposition for. Therefore, the pronoun is in the objective case.]

Book overview

Jump across lessons in the current chapter without opening the full course modal.

Continue this chapter

Chapter 6: Using Pronouns Correctly: Case Forms of Pronouns

  1. Lesson 1

    Lesson 1: Personal Pronouns: Nominative and Possessive Case

  2. Lesson 2

    Lesson 2: Personal Pronouns: Objective Case

  3. Lesson 3Current

    Lesson 3: Special Problems in Pronoun Usage