1. What was the main belief of the Sunni Muslims regarding the selection of a new leader?
- A. The leader must be the wealthiest individual.
- B. The position should be inherited by the oldest son.
- C. The community should choose its own leader.
- D. Only a person from Mecca could be the leader.
2. Which group of Muslims specifically supported Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, as the rightful successor?
- A. The Sufis
- B. The Shia
- C. The Sunnis
- D. The Umayyads
3. The belief that the Muslim community should select its leader through consensus is a central idea for which group?
- A. The Abbasids
- B. The Shia
- C. The Sunni
- D. The Safavids
4. What was the central issue that caused the division within Islam after the death of the Prophet Muhammad?
- A. A disagreement over where the capital city should be located
- B. A dispute over how to correctly interpret the Quran
- C. A conflict regarding who had the authority to lead the community
- D. A debate about how to handle trade with non-Muslims
5. In the context of early Islam, what was the role of a caliph?
- A. A regional governor
- B. A wealthy merchant
- C. A successor to Muhammad
- D. A religious scholar
6. What was the most direct result of the military campaigns launched by Arab armies after Muhammad's death?
- A. The creation of a large, connected empire under Muslim rule
- B. The immediate conversion of all Christians and Jews in conquered lands
- C. The complete stop of all trade with non-Muslim regions
- D. The peaceful establishment of new religious schools in Europe
7. Who were the Sufis, and what was their role in the expansion of Islam?
- A. They were military commanders responsible for conquering new territories for the caliphate.
- B. They were government officials who managed trade and collected taxes from non-Muslims.
- C. They were missionaries who attracted followers by teaching Islam.
- D. They were scholars who focused only on translating Greek philosophy in Baghdad.
8. A person who travels to a new land, lives a life of devotion, and teaches people about Islam to attract new converts would be known as a...
- A. Caliph
- B. Sufi
- C. Merchant
- D. Warrior
9. The spread of Islam to distant places like Indonesia and the port cities of Southeast Asia was primarily the result of...
- A. military conquest by the Umayyad dynasty.
- B. the influence of Muslim merchants and their trading networks.
- C. orders from the caliph in Baghdad to convert the population.
- D. the translation of the Quran into local languages by scholars.
10. After Muhammad's death, what was the primary achievement of the Muslim armies that expanded out of Arabia?
- A. They formed a vast empire that connected many different regions.
- B. They forced all conquered people to speak only Arabic.
- C. They focused only on spreading religion and ignored trade.
- D. They were immediately defeated by the Persian and Byzantine empires.